Quantum states with different values of orbital angular momentum are distinguished using spectroscopic notation ( (Figure)). ![]() This result is slightly different from that found with Bohr’s theory, which quantizes angular momentum according to the rule (This is analogous to the Earth-Sun system, where the Sun moves very little in response to the force exerted on it by Earth.) An explanation of this effect using Newton’s laws is given in Photons and Matter Waves. The proton is approximately 1800 times more massive than the electron, so the proton moves very little in response to the force on the proton by the electron. In Bohr’s model, the electron is pulled around the proton in a perfectly circular orbit by an attractive Coulomb force. The hydrogen atom consists of a single negatively charged electron that moves about a positively charged proton ( (Figure)). The hydrogen atom is the simplest atom in nature and, therefore, a good starting point to study atoms and atomic structure.
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